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<text id=93CT1619>
<title>
Botswana--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Southern Africa
Botswana
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> By the 1700s, the ancestors of today's African population
were established either as self-sufficient herders and farmers
or as hunters and gatherers in the region that is now Botswana.
First contact with Europeans came through missionaries in the
early 19th century, when the territory was torn by intertribal
warfare. In the last quarter of the century, hostilities broke
out between the Botswana and the Afrikaners from South Africa
(Transvaal). Following appeals by Botswana for assistance, the
British government in 1885 proclaimed "Bechuanaland" to be under
British protection. The sourthern part of the territory was
first constituted as a crown colony, later became part of the
Cape Colony, and is now part of the Cape Province of the
Republic of South Africa. The northern part, known as the
"Bechuanaland Protectorate" (not Botswana) remained under
British control.
</p>
<p> In 1909, despite South Africa pressure, inhabitants of
Bechuanaland, Basutoland (now Lesotho), and Swaziland demanded
and received British agreement that they not be included in the
proposed Union of South Africa.
</p>
<p> As British central authority gradually expanded, it was
accompanied by a steady evolution of local tribal government.
In 1920, the central authroity established two advisory
councils representing the African and European inhabitants. In
1934, proclamations were issued that regularized the positions
and powers of the chiefs and defined the constitution and
functions of the native courts under the native authority system
that had evolved in other British dependencies. Tribal
treasuries were created in 1938. In 1951 a Joint Advisory
Council held its first session at Lobatse on June 21, 1961.
</p>
<p> In June 1964, the British Government accepted proposals for
a form of self-government for Botswana that would lead to
idependence. These proposals had been agreed upon unanimously
during discussions in Botswana between the British Commissioner
and representatives of the chiefs, political parties, and
important minority communities.
</p>
<p> The seat of government was moved from Mafeking, South Africa,
to the new capital at Gaborone in February 1965. The new
constitution became effective in March 1965, and general
elections were held. Botswana became independent on September
30, 1966.
</p>
<p>Current Political Conditions
</p>
<p> Botswana has one of the few flourishing, multiparty
constitutional democracies in Africa. The openness of the
country's political system compares favorably with mature
democracies elsewhere and has contributed to Botswana's
remarkable stability and economic growth. Although a
government-owned newspaper and broadcasting operation dominate
the media, there is an independent press, and foreign
publications are readily available. During its sixth national
election in 1989, candidates from two of the country's eight
political parties won election to the National Assembly. The
Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) holds 31 of the 34
parliamentary seats. However, the opposition Botswana National
Front (BNF) made significant gains in town council seats.
</p>
<p> Botswana has one of the best human rights records in the
world. The country's small white minority and other minorities
participate freely in the political process. The roots of the
country's democracy go back to Tswanan raditions, such as the
"kgotla," or village council, in which the powers of traditional
leaders were limited by cusom and law. Currently, political
debate in Botswana often centers on development and on regional
economic and political issues. Although they find the policy
of apartheid repugnant and support efforts to abolish it, the
pragmatic Botswana maintains necessary economic ties with South
Africa. No restrictions exist on the free movement of goods or
people between the two countries, and Botswana is a member of
the Southern Africa customs Union. Botswana has refused to allow
their territory to be used as a staging area for violent attacks
on other countries of the region.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
DEcember 1988.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>